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Women in government
Women in government in the modern era are under-represented in most countries worldwide, in contrast to men. However, women are increasingly being politically elected to be heads of state and government. More than 20 countries currently have a woman holding office as the head of a national government, and the global participation rate of women in national-level parliaments is nearly 20%. A number of countries are exploring measures that may increase women's participation in government at all levels, from the local to the national.
== Importance ==
Increasing women's representation in the government can empower women.〔UNICEF. 2006. “Equality in Politics and Government” and “Reaping the Double Dividend of Gender Equality,” in The State of the World Children 2007, pp. 51–87. New York: The United Nations Children’s Fund. http://www.unicef.org/sowc07/report/report.php〕 Increasing women’s representation in government is necessary to achieve gender parity.〔http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/gender.shtml〕 This notion of women's empowerment is rooted in the human capabilities approach, in which individuals are empowered to choose the functioning that they deem valuable.〔Basu, Amriyta; Jayal, Naraja Gopal; Nussbaum, Martha; Tambiah, Yasmin. 2003. Essays on Gender and Governance. India: Human Development Resource Center, United Nations Development Programme.〕
Women, as the conventional primary caretakers of children, often have a more prominent role than men in advocating for children, resulting in a “double dividend” in terms of the benefits of women’s representation.〔 Female representatives not only advance women's rights, but also advance the rights of children. In national legislatures, there is a notable trend of women advancing gender and family-friendly legislation. This advocacy has been seen in countries ranging from France, Sweden and the Netherlands, to South Africa, Rwanda, and Egypt. Furthermore, a number of studies from both industrialized and developed countries indicate that women in local government tend to advance social issues.〔 In India, for instance, greater women’s representation has corresponded with a more equitable distribution of community resources, including more gender-sensitive spending on programs related to health, nutrition, and education.
In 1954, the United Nations ''Convention on the Political Rights of Women'' went into force, enshrining women's equal rights to vote, hold office, and access public services as provided for male citizens within national laws.
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